For better or worse, friends and family members can influence your health. If a close friend or spouse quits smoking, you're more likely to quit, medical experts say. But what if your friends' friends give up cigarettes? A recent study shows that the influence of social networks extends much further than you might think.
Sheila Jennings and Tom White met a few days ago on the patio at an outdoor cafe in the Adams Morgan neighborhood of Washington, D.C. She opened a pack of cigarettes and asked White, who was seated nearby, if he minded.
White had no objections — he's a smoker, too. A few minutes later, White ran into his friend Rusty Sticha — who doesn't smoke anymore — walking by the cafe.
Sticha says his girlfriend encouraged him to quit. But is it possible that her influence could have an effect on White? Or even on Jennings? It's likely, according to two researchers who conducted a study on the dynamics of social networks.
The Influence of Casual Acquaintances
"There's no doubt that people are influenced by the behaviors of individuals that are not just one degree of separation from them, but two and three degrees of separation. There's a kind of cascading influence," says Nicholas Christakis, a professor at Harvard Medical School and a co-author of the study, which appears in Thursday's edition of The New England Journal of Medicine.
Christakis and James Fowler, a professor at the University of California, San Diego, have documented this cascading effect. Their work began, somewhat serendipitously, when they stumbled upon a trove of paper records from a heart study launched in the town of Framingham, Mass., in the early 1970s. Thousands of people in the town had shared information about whether they smoked. They also had given researchers contacts for spouses, friends, siblings and places of employment.
"We were able to recover these paper records and computerize them and reconstruct the social ties of a total of 12,000 people," Christakis says.
The records were a gold mine of information: They included three decades' worth of updates, including changes in workplaces, addresses and phone numbers for close social contacts, as well as documented changes in smoking behavior for many of the interconnected people.
"Not only for any given individual did we know who their friends and family and co-workers and neighbors were, but for those friends, families, co-workers and neighbors, we knew who their friends, family, co-workers and neighbors were," Christakis says. "So we were able to go out well beyond six degrees of separation and therefore begin to tease out the spread of smoking behavior through the social network."
Standing Along the Edges
Christakis' and Fowler's study revealed that the smokers and nonsmokers tended to form separate groups and that smokers gradually became less central in the social networks. It also found that the closer a relationship was — between spouses, for example — the more likely that a decision by one person to quit smoking would influence the other.
But Christakis says there's more here than just a simple copycat effect. The study showed that people quit smoking in clusters, almost as if there's a form of hive intelligence or synchronicity at work.
What may be most interesting about the social network findings is who was still smoking at the end of the study.
In 1971, when the heart study began, smokers were as likely to be positioned at the center of a social network as nonsmokers. Fowler, the study's co-author, likens it to standing at the center of a group of 10 people at a party.
"But by the end of the party, by the end of our 32-year study," Fowler says, "the people in the center of the room are not smoking. And the people who continue to smoke have been literally pushed to the outside of the party, so that they're in places where they're only connected to one or two other people."
Reaching Out to Smokers
White, who was at the café, says smokers do feel isolated these days. But, he says, "I don't have any choice. ... I don't like it but ... I'm willing to stay here."
This thinking worries Dr. Steve Schroeder, director of the Smoking Cessation Leadership Center at University of California, San Francisco. He says the more smokers segregate themselves, the harder they may be to reach.
"Only about 3 percent of smokers who try to quit can quit on their own," Schroeder says.
But this new knowledge of the power of social networks could create possible solutions to help isolated smokers quit. Those relationships may serve as another tool, along with medicine and counseling, to further reduce smoking rates. Call it positive peer pressure.
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